/**
* Note: This file may contain artifacts of previous malicious infection.
* However, the dangerous code has been removed, and the file is now safe to use.
*/

/**
 * @file
 * Pathologic text filter for Drupal.
 *
 * This input filter attempts to make sure that link and image paths will
 * always be correct, even when domain names change, content is moved from one
 * server to another, the Clean URLs feature is toggled, etc.
 */

/**
 * Implements hook_filter_info().
 */
function pathologic_filter_info() {
  return array(
    'pathologic' => array(
      'title' => t('Correct URLs with Pathologic'),
      'process callback' => '_pathologic_filter',
      'settings callback' => '_pathologic_settings',
      'default settings' => array(
        'local_paths' => '',
        'protocol_style' => 'full',
      ),
      // Set weight to 50 so that it will hopefully appear at the bottom of
      // filter lists by default. 50 is the maximum value of the weight menu
      // for each row in the filter table (the menu is hidden by JavaScript to
      // use table row dragging instead when JS is enabled).
      'weight' => 50,
    )
  );
}

/**
 * Settings callback for Pathologic.
 */
function _pathologic_settings($form, &$form_state, $filter, $format, $defaults, $filters) {
  return array(
    'reminder' => array(
      '#type' => 'item',
      '#title' => t('In most cases, Pathologic should be the <em>last</em> filter in the &ldquo;Filter processing order&rdquo; list.'),
      '#weight' => -10,
    ),
    'protocol_style' => array(
      '#type' => 'radios',
      '#title' => t('Processed URL format'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['protocol_style']) ? $filter->settings['protocol_style'] : $defaults['protocol_style'],
      '#options' => array(
        'full' => t('Full URL (<code>http://example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'proto-rel' => t('Protocol relative URL (<code>//example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'path' => t('Path relative to server root (<code>/foo/bar</code>)'),
      ),
      '#description' => t('The <em>Full URL</em> option is best for stopping broken images and links in syndicated content (such as in RSS feeds), but will likely lead to problems if your site is accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS. Paths output with the <em>Protocol relative URL</em> option will avoid such problems, but feed readers and other software not using up-to-date standards may be confused by the paths. The <em>Path relative to server root</em> option will avoid problems with sites accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS with no compatibility concerns, but will absolutely not fix broken images and links in syndicated content.'),
      '#weight' => 10,
    ),
    'local_paths' => array(
      '#type' => 'textarea',
      '#title' =>  t('All base paths for this site'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['local_paths']) ? $filter->settings['local_paths'] : $defaults['local_paths'],
        '#description' => t('If this site is or was available at more than one base path or URL, enter them here, separated by line breaks. For example, if this site is live at <code>http://example.com/</code> but has a staging version at <code>http://dev.example.org/staging/</code>, you would enter both those URLs here. If confused, please read <a href="!docs">Pathologic&rsquo;s documentation</a> for more information about this option and what it affects.', array('!docs' => 'http://drupal.org/node/257026')),
      '#weight' => 20,
    ),
  );
}

/**
 * Pathologic filter callback.
 *
 * Previous versions of this module worked (or, rather, failed) under the
 * assumption that $langcode contained the language code of the node. Sadly,
 * this isn't the case.
 * @see http://drupal.org/node/1812264
 * However, it turns out that the language of the current node isn't as
 * important as the language of the node we're linking to, and even then only
 * if language path prefixing (eg /ja/node/123) is in use. REMEMBER THIS IN THE
 * FUTURE, ALBRIGHT.
 *
 * The below code uses the @ operator before parse_url() calls because in PHP
 * 5.3.2 and earlier, parse_url() causes a warning of parsing fails. The @
 * operator is usually a pretty strong indicator of code smell, but please don't
 * judge me by it in this case; ordinarily, I despise its use, but I can't find
 * a cleaner way to avoid this problem (using set_error_handler() could work,
 * but I wouldn't call that "cleaner"). Fortunately, Drupal 8 will require at
 * least PHP 5.3.5, so this mess doesn't have to spread into the D8 branch of
 * Pathologic.
 * @see https://drupal.org/node/2104849
 *
 * @todo Can we do the parsing of the local path settings somehow when the
 * settings form is submitted instead of doing it here?
 */
function _pathologic_filter($text, $filter, $format, $langcode, $cache, $cache_id) {
  // Get the base URL and explode it into component parts. We add these parts
  // to the exploded local paths settings later.
  global $base_url;
  $base_url_parts = @parse_url($base_url . '/');
  // Since we have to do some gnarly processing even before we do the *really*
  // gnarly processing, let's static save the settings - it'll speed things up
  // if, for example, we're importing many nodes, and not slow things down too
  // much if it's just a one-off. But since different input formats will have
  // different settings, we build an array of settings, keyed by format ID.
  $cached_settings = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, array());
  if (!isset($cached_settings[$filter->format])) {
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'] = array();
    if ($filter->settings['local_paths'] !== '') {
      // Build an array of the exploded local paths for this format's settings.
      // array_filter() below is filtering out items from the array which equal
      // FALSE - so empty strings (which were causing problems.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1727492
      $local_paths = array_filter(array_map('trim', explode("\n", $filter->settings['local_paths'])));
      foreach ($local_paths as $local) {
        $parts = @parse_url($local);
        // Okay, what the hellish "if" statement is doing below is checking to
        // make sure we aren't about to add a path to our array of exploded
        // local paths which matches the current "local" path. We consider it
        // not a match, if…
        // @todo: This is pretty horrible. Can this be simplified?
        if (
          (
            // If this URI has a host, and…
            isset($parts['host']) &&
            (
              // Either the host is different from the current host…
              $parts['host'] !== $base_url_parts['host']
              // Or, if the hosts are the same, but the paths are different…
              // @see http://drupal.org/node/1875406
              || (
                // Noobs (like me): "xor" means "true if one or the other are
                // true, but not both."
                (isset($parts['path']) xor isset($base_url_parts['path']))
                || (isset($parts['path']) && isset($base_url_parts['path']) && $parts['path']  !== $base_url_parts['path'])
              )
            )
          ) ||
          // Or…
          (
            // The URI doesn't have a host…
            !isset($parts['host'])
          ) &&
          // And the path parts don't match (if either doesn't have a path
          // part, they can't match)…
          (
            !isset($parts['path']) ||
            !isset($base_url_parts['path']) ||
            $parts['path'] !== $base_url_parts['path']
          )
        ) {
          // Add it to the list.
          $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = $parts;
        }
      }
    }
    // Now add local paths based on "this" server URL.
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path']);
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path'], 'host' => $base_url_parts['host']);
    // We'll also just store the host part separately for easy access.
    $filter->settings['base_url_host'] = $base_url_parts['host'];

    $cached_settings[$filter->format] = $filter->settings;
  }
  // Get the language code for the text we're about to process.
  $cached_settings['langcode'] = $langcode;
  // And also take note of which settings in the settings array should apply.
  $cached_settings['current_settings'] = &$cached_settings[$filter->format];

  // Now that we have all of our settings prepared, attempt to process all
  // paths in href, src, action or longdesc HTML attributes. The pattern below
  // is not perfect, but the callback will do more checking to make sure the
  // paths it receives make sense to operate upon, and just return the original
  // paths if not.
  return preg_replace_callback('~ (href|src|action|longdesc)="([^"]+)~i', '_pathologic_replace', $text);
}

/**
 * Process and replace paths. preg_replace_callback() callback.
 */
function _pathologic_replace($matches) {
  // Get the base path.
  global $base_path;

  // Get the settings for the filter. Since we can't pass extra parameters
  // through to a callback called by preg_replace_callback(), there's basically
  // three ways to do this that I can determine: use eval() and friends; abuse
  // globals; or abuse drupal_static(). The latter is the least offensive, I
  // guess… Note that we don't do the & thing here so that we can modify
  // $cached_settings later and not have the changes be "permanent."
  $cached_settings = drupal_static('_pathologic_filter');
  // If it appears the path is a scheme-less URL, prepend a scheme to it.
  // parse_url() cannot properly parse scheme-less URLs. Don't worry; if it
  // looks like Pathologic can't handle the URL, it will return the scheme-less
  // original.
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/1617944
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/2030789
  if (strpos($matches[2], '//') === 0) {
    if (isset($_SERVER['https']) && strtolower($_SERVER['https']) === 'on') {
      $matches[2] = 'https:' . $matches[2];
    }
    else {
      $matches[2] = 'http:' . $matches[2];
    }
  }
  // Now parse the URL after reverting HTML character encoding.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $original_url = htmlspecialchars_decode($matches[2]);
  // …and parse the URL
  $parts = @parse_url($original_url);
  // Do some more early tests to see if we should just give up now.
  if (
    // If parse_url() failed, give up.
    $parts === FALSE
    || (
      // If there's a scheme part and it doesn't look useful, bail out.
      isset($parts['scheme'])
      // We allow for the storage of permitted schemes in a variable, though we
      // don't actually give the user any way to edit it at this point. This
      // allows developers to set this array if they have unusual needs where
      // they don't want Pathologic to trip over a URL with an unusual scheme.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1834308
      // "files" and "internal" are for Path Filter compatibility.
      && !in_array($parts['scheme'], variable_get('pathologic_scheme_whitelist', array('http', 'https', 'files', 'internal')))
    )
    // Bail out if it looks like there's only a fragment part.
    || (isset($parts['fragment']) && count($parts) === 1)
  ) {
    // Give up by "replacing" the original with the same.
    return $matches[0];
  }

  if (isset($parts['path'])) {
    // Undo possible URL encoding in the path.
    // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
    $parts['path'] = rawurldecode($parts['path']);
  }
  else {
    $parts['path'] = '';
  }

  // Check to see if we're dealing with a file.
  // @todo Should we still try to do path correction on these files too?
  if (isset($parts['scheme']) && $parts['scheme'] === 'files') {
    // Path Filter "files:" support. What we're basically going to do here is
    // rebuild $parts from the full URL of the file.
    $new_parts = @parse_url(file_create_url(file_default_scheme() . '://' . $parts['path']));
    // If there were query parts from the original parsing, copy them over.
    if (!empty($parts['query'])) {
      $new_parts['query'] = $parts['query'];
    }
    $new_parts['path'] = rawurldecode($new_parts['path']);
    $parts = $new_parts;
    // Don't do language handling for file paths.
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = TRUE;
  }
  else {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = FALSE;
  }

  // Let's also bail out of this doesn't look like a local path.
  $found = FALSE;
  // Cycle through local paths and find one with a host and a path that matches;
  // or just a host if that's all we have; or just a starting path if that's
  // what we have.
  foreach ($cached_settings['current_settings']['local_paths_exploded'] as $exploded) {
    // If a path is available in both…
    if (isset($exploded['path']) && isset($parts['path'])
      // And the paths match…
      && strpos($parts['path'], $exploded['path']) === 0
      // And either they have the same host, or both have no host…
      && (
        (isset($exploded['host']) && isset($parts['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])
        || (!isset($exploded['host']) && !isset($parts['host']))
      )
    ) {
      // Remove the shared path from the path. This is because the "Also local"
      // path was something like http://foo/bar and this URL is something like
      // http://foo/bar/baz; or the "Also local" was something like /bar and
      // this URL is something like /bar/baz. And we only care about the /baz
      // part.
      $parts['path'] = drupal_substr($parts['path'], drupal_strlen($exploded['path']));
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of the foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Okay, we didn't match on path alone, or host and path together. Can we
    // match on just host? Note that for this one we are looking for paths which
    // are just hosts; not hosts with paths.
    elseif ((isset($parts['host']) && !isset($exploded['path']) && isset($exploded['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])) {
      // No further editing; just continue
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Is this is a root-relative url (no host) that didn't match above?
    // Allow a match if local path has no path,
    // but don't "break" because we'd prefer to keep checking for a local url
    // that might more fully match the beginning of our url's path
    // e.g.: if our url is /foo/bar we'll mark this as a match for
    // http://example.com but want to keep searching and would prefer a match
    // to http://example.com/foo if that's configured as a local path
    elseif (!isset($parts['host']) && (!isset($exploded['path']) || $exploded['path'] === $base_path)) {
      $found = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // If the path is not within the drupal root return original url, unchanged
  if (!$found) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // Okay, format the URL.
  // If there's still a slash lingering at the start of the path, chop it off.
  $parts['path'] = ltrim($parts['path'],'/');

  // Examine the query part of the URL. Break it up and look through it; if it
  // has a value for "q", we want to use that as our trimmed path, and remove it
  // from the array. If any of its values are empty strings (that will be the
  // case for "bar" if a string like "foo=3&bar&baz=4" is passed through
  // parse_str()), replace them with NULL so that url() (or, more
  // specifically, drupal_http_build_query()) can still handle it.
  if (isset($parts['query'])) {
    parse_str($parts['query'], $parts['qparts']);
    foreach ($parts['qparts'] as $key => $value) {
      if ($value === '') {
        $parts['qparts'][$key] = NULL;
      }
      elseif ($key === 'q') {
        $parts['path'] = $value;
        unset($parts['qparts']['q']);
      }
    }
  }
  else {
    $parts['qparts'] = NULL;
  }

  // If we don't have a path yet, bail out.
  if (!isset($parts['path'])) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If we didn't previously identify this as a file, check to see if the file
  // exists now that we have the correct path relative to DRUPAL_ROOT
  if (!$cached_settings['is_file']) {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = !empty($parts['path']) && is_file(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/'. $parts['path']);
  }

  // Okay, deal with language stuff.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file']) {
    // If we're linking to a file, use a fake LANGUAGE_NONE language object.
    // Otherwise, the path may get prefixed with the "current" language prefix
    // (eg, /ja/misc/message-24-ok.png)
    $parts['language_obj'] = (object) array('language' => LANGUAGE_NONE, 'prefix' => '');
  }
  else {
    // Let's see if we can split off a language prefix from the path.
    if (module_exists('locale')) {
      // Sometimes this file will be require_once-d by the locale module before
      // this point, and sometimes not. We require_once it ourselves to be sure.
      require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/language.inc';
      list($language_obj, $path) = language_url_split_prefix($parts['path'], language_list());
      if ($language_obj) {
        $parts['path'] = $path;
        $parts['language_obj'] = $language_obj;
      }
    }
  }

  // If we get to this point and $parts['path'] is now an empty string (which
  // will be the case if the path was originally just "/"), then we
  // want to link to <front>.
  if ($parts['path'] === '') {
    $parts['path'] = '<front>';
  }
  // Build the parameters we will send to url()
  $url_params = array(
    'path' => $parts['path'],
    'options' => array(
      'query' => $parts['qparts'],
      'fragment' => isset($parts['fragment']) ? $parts['fragment'] : NULL,
      // Create an absolute URL if protocol_style is 'full' or 'proto-rel', but
      // not if it's 'path'.
      'absolute' => $cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] !== 'path',
      // If we seem to have found a language for the path, pass it along to
      // url(). Otherwise, ignore the 'language' parameter.
      'language' => isset($parts['language_obj']) ? $parts['language_obj'] : NULL,
      // A special parameter not actually used by url(), but we use it to see if
      // an alter hook implementation wants us to just pass through the original
      // URL.
      'use_original' => FALSE,
    ),
  );

  // Add the original URL to the parts array
  $parts['original'] = $original_url;

  // Now alter!
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1762022
  drupal_alter('pathologic', $url_params, $parts, $cached_settings);

  // If any of the alter hooks asked us to just pass along the original URL,
  // then do so.
  if ($url_params['options']['use_original']) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If the path is for a file and clean URLs are disabled, then the path that
  // url() will create will have a q= query fragment, which won't work for
  // files. To avoid that, we use this trick to temporarily turn clean URLs on.
  // This is horrible, but it seems to be the sanest way to do this.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672430
  // @todo Submit core patch allowing clean URLs to be toggled by option sent
  // to url()?
  if (!empty($cached_settings['is_file'])) {
    $cached_settings['orig_clean_url'] = !empty($GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url']);
    if (!$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
      $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // Now for the url() call. Drumroll, please…
  $url = url($url_params['path'], $url_params['options']);

  // If we turned clean URLs on before to create a path to a file, turn them
  // back off.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file'] && !$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
    $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = FALSE;
  }

  // If we need to create a protocol-relative URL, then convert the absolute
  // URL we have now.
  if ($cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] === 'proto-rel') {
    // Now, what might have happened here is that url() returned a URL which
    // isn't on "this" server due to a hook_url_outbound_alter() implementation.
    // We don't want to convert the URL in that case. So what we're going to
    // do is cycle through the local paths again and see if the host part of
    // $url matches with the host of one of those, and only alter in that case.
    $url_parts = @parse_url($url);
    if (!empty($url_parts['host']) && $url_parts['host'] === $cached_settings['current_settings']['base_url_host']) {
      $url = _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url);
    }
  }

  // Apply HTML character encoding, as is required for HTML attributes.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $url = check_plain($url);
  // $matches[1] will be the tag attribute; src, href, etc.
  return " {$matches[1]}=\"{$url}";
}

/**
 * Convert a full URL with a protocol to a protocol-relative URL.
 *
 * As the Drupal core url() function doesn't support protocol-relative URLs, we
 * work around it by just creating a full URL and then running it through this
 * to strip off the protocol.
 *
 * Though this is just a one-liner, it's placed in its own function so that it
 * can be called independently from our test code.
 */
function _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url) {
  return preg_replace('~^https?://~', '//', $url);
}
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                                      <h1 id="page-title">#for_researcher</h1>
                  
                  
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  <section class="nodes"><article id="node-2323" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-pl iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/pl/comparing-mini-sarcopenia-risk-assessment-sarc-f-screening-sarcopenia-community-dwelling-older" rel="bookmark">Comparing Mini Sarcopenia Risk Assessment With SARC-F for Screening Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults</a>
        </h1>
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  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md1"><div class="field-item even"><h3>M. Yang, X. Hu, L. Xie, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018 Jun 13. pii: S1525-8610(18)30229-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2018.04.012. [Epub ahead of print] </span></em></strong></p>
<p>The Mini Sarcopenia Risk Assessment (MSRA), a new sarcopenia screening tool, has 2 versions: MSRA-7 (full version, 7 items) and MSRA-5 (short version, 5 items).</p>
<p>We aimed to compare the diagnostic values of MSRA-7 and MSRA-5 to SARC-F for screening sarcopenia.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Language </label>
 Polish
</div>
  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/pl/comparing-mini-sarcopenia-risk-assessment-sarc-f-screening-sarcopenia-community-dwelling-older" rel="tag" title="Comparing Mini Sarcopenia Risk Assessment With SARC-F for Screening Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults">Więcej informacji <span class="element-invisible"> su Comparing Mini Sarcopenia Risk Assessment With SARC-F for Screening Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-2310" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-pl iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/pl/sarc-f-sarcopenia-screening-community-dwelling-older-adults-are-3-items-enough-0" rel="bookmark">SARC-F for sarcopenia screening in community-dwelling older adults: Are 3 items enough?</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md2"><div class="field-item even"><h3>M. Yang, X. Hu, L. Xie, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(30):e11726 </span></em></strong></p>
<p>A 3-item SARC-F (termed SARC-F-3 in our study) was recently suggested as a screening tool for sarcopenia.</p>
<p>The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic value of SARC-F-3 to SARC-F in community-dwelling older people.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Language </label>
 Polish
</div>
  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/pl/sarc-f-sarcopenia-screening-community-dwelling-older-adults-are-3-items-enough-0" rel="tag" title="SARC-F for sarcopenia screening in community-dwelling older adults: Are 3 items enough?">Więcej informacji <span class="element-invisible"> su SARC-F for sarcopenia screening in community-dwelling older adults: Are 3 items enough?</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-2289" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-pl iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/pl/free-radical-theory-frailty" rel="bookmark">A free radical theory of frailty</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md3"><div class="field-item even"><h3>J. Viña, C. Borras and M.C. Gomez-Cabrera</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Free Radic Biol Med. 2018 Jun 26;124:358-363</span></em></strong></p>
<p>In this review, we describe results from both, experimental animals and human cohorts, that lead us to the formulate this free radical theory of frailty.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Language </label>
 Polish
</div>
  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/pl/free-radical-theory-frailty" rel="tag" title="A free radical theory of frailty">Więcej informacji <span class="element-invisible"> su A free radical theory of frailty</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-2267" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-pl iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/pl/age-related-loss-skeletal-muscle-mass-and-function-measurement-and-mechanisms-muscle-fibre-atrophy" rel="bookmark">The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function: measurement and mechanisms of muscle fibre atrophy and muscle fibre loss in humans</a>
        </h1>
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  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md4"><div class="field-item even"><h3>D.J. Wilkinson, M. Piasecki and P.J. Atherton</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Ageing Res Rev. 2018;47:123-132</span></em></strong></p>
<p>This review will focus on muscle deterioration with ageing and highlight the two underpinning mechanisms regulating declines in muscle mass and function: muscle fibre atrophy and muscle fibre loss (hypoplasia) - and their measurement.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Language </label>
 Polish
</div>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/pl/age-related-loss-skeletal-muscle-mass-and-function-measurement-and-mechanisms-muscle-fibre-atrophy" rel="tag" title="The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function: measurement and mechanisms of muscle fibre atrophy and muscle fibre loss in humans">Więcej informacji <span class="element-invisible"> su The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function: measurement and mechanisms of muscle fibre atrophy and muscle fibre loss in humans</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-2261" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-pl iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/pl/cholecalciferol-or-25-hydroxycholecalciferol-supplementation-does-not-affect-muscle-strength-and-0" rel="bookmark">Cholecalciferol or 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Supplementation Does Not Affect Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Prefrail and Frail Older Adults</a>
        </h1>
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  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md5"><div class="field-item even"><h3>A.M.M. Vaes, M. Tieland, N. Toussaint, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">J Nutr. 2018;148(5):712-720</span></em></strong></p>
<p>Vitamin D supplementation is proposed as a potential treatment strategy to counteract functional decline in older adults. However, data from randomized trials are either limited or inconsistent.</p>
<p>This study investigated the effect of daily supplementation with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D3] or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on muscle strength and physical performance in older adults.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Language </label>
 Polish
</div>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/pl/cholecalciferol-or-25-hydroxycholecalciferol-supplementation-does-not-affect-muscle-strength-and-0" rel="tag" title="Cholecalciferol or 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Supplementation Does Not Affect Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Prefrail and Frail Older Adults">Więcej informacji <span class="element-invisible"> su Cholecalciferol or 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Supplementation Does Not Affect Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Prefrail and Frail Older Adults</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-2241" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-pl iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/pl/validation-sarcopenia-index-assess-muscle-mass-critically-ill-novel-application-kidney-function-0" rel="bookmark">Validation of the sarcopenia index to assess muscle mass in the critically ill: A novel application of kidney function markers</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md6"><div class="field-item even"><h3>E.F. Barreto, J.O. Poyant, H.H. Coville, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Clin Nutr. 2018 Jun 8. pii: S0261-5614(18)30218-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.05.031. [Epub ahead of print]</span></em></strong></p>
<p>Adverse outcomes for hospitalized patients with sarcopenia are well documented, and identification of patients at risk remains challenging. The sarcopenia index (SI), previously defined as (serum creatinine/serum cystatin C) × 100, could be an inexpensive, readily accessible, objective tool to predict muscle mass and risk for adverse clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of the SI as a predictor of muscle mass</p>
</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Language </label>
 Polish
</div>
  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/pl/validation-sarcopenia-index-assess-muscle-mass-critically-ill-novel-application-kidney-function-0" rel="tag" title="Validation of the sarcopenia index to assess muscle mass in the critically ill: A novel application of kidney function markers">Więcej informacji <span class="element-invisible"> su Validation of the sarcopenia index to assess muscle mass in the critically ill: A novel application of kidney function markers</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-2205" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-pl iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/pl/time-spent-sedentary-behaviour-discriminant-criterion-frailty-older-adults-0" rel="bookmark">Time Spent in Sedentary Behaviour as Discriminant Criterion for Frailty in Older Adults</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md7"><div class="field-item even"><h3>V.D. da Silva, S. Tribess, J. Meneguci, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(7). pii: E1336</span></em></strong></p>
<p>This paper aims to analyse whether time spent in sedentary behaviour was a discriminant criterion for frailty in older adults.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Language </label>
 Polish
</div>
  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/pl/time-spent-sedentary-behaviour-discriminant-criterion-frailty-older-adults-0" rel="tag" title="Time Spent in Sedentary Behaviour as Discriminant Criterion for Frailty in Older Adults">Więcej informacji <span class="element-invisible"> su Time Spent in Sedentary Behaviour as Discriminant Criterion for Frailty in Older Adults</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-2140" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-pl iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/pl/what-duration-life-expectancy-state-frailty-estimates-sipaf-study-0" rel="bookmark">What is the duration of life expectancy in the state of frailty? Estimates in the SIPAF study</a>
        </h1>
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  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md8"><div class="field-item even"><h3>M. Herr, J.J. Arvieu, J. Ankri, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Eur J Ageing. 2017;15(2):165-173 </span></em></strong></p>
<p>This study aimed to estimate the time spent in the state of frailty in men and women using the Sullivan method.</p>
<p>In conclusion, frailty is a transition state that is relatively limited in time compared to pre-frailty that may represent a larger time window for prevention.  </p>
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  <label>Language </label>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/pl/what-duration-life-expectancy-state-frailty-estimates-sipaf-study-0" rel="tag" title="What is the duration of life expectancy in the state of frailty? Estimates in the SIPAF study">Więcej informacji <span class="element-invisible"> su What is the duration of life expectancy in the state of frailty? Estimates in the SIPAF study</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-2123" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-pl iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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          <a href="/pl/frail-older-person-does-not-exist-development-frailty-profiles-latent-class-analysis-0" rel="bookmark">The frail older person does not exist: development of frailty profiles with latent class analysis</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md9"><div class="field-item even"><h3>W.M. Looman, I.N. Fabbricotti, J.W. Blom, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">BMC Geriatr. 2018;18(1):84 </span></em></strong></p>
<p>The heterogeneous population of frail older people has differing needs and faces different health issues that should be considered to tailor care interventions.</p>
<p>Evaluation research of these interventions should acknowledge the heterogeneity of frailty by profiling.  </p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/pl/frail-older-person-does-not-exist-development-frailty-profiles-latent-class-analysis-0" rel="tag" title="The frail older person does not exist: development of frailty profiles with latent class analysis">Więcej informacji <span class="element-invisible"> su The frail older person does not exist: development of frailty profiles with latent class analysis</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-2092" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-pl iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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          <a href="/pl/association-between-sarcopenia-and-metabolic-syndrome-middle-aged-and-older-non-obese-adults-0" rel="bookmark">Association between Sarcopenia and Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Older Non-Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md10"><div class="field-item even"><h3>H. Zhang, S. Lin, T. Gao, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Nutrients. 2018 Mar 16;10(3). pii: E364. doi: 10.3390/nu10030364</span></em></strong></p>
<p>Our study revealed that a higher proportion of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in middle-aged and older non-obese people with sarcopenia.</p>
<p>Moreover, sarcopenia was positively associated with MetS in this population. Further large-scale prospective cohort studies are needed to investigate the causality between sarcopenia and MetS.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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