/**
* Note: This file may contain artifacts of previous malicious infection.
* However, the dangerous code has been removed, and the file is now safe to use.
*/

/**
 * @file
 * Pathologic text filter for Drupal.
 *
 * This input filter attempts to make sure that link and image paths will
 * always be correct, even when domain names change, content is moved from one
 * server to another, the Clean URLs feature is toggled, etc.
 */

/**
 * Implements hook_filter_info().
 */
function pathologic_filter_info() {
  return array(
    'pathologic' => array(
      'title' => t('Correct URLs with Pathologic'),
      'process callback' => '_pathologic_filter',
      'settings callback' => '_pathologic_settings',
      'default settings' => array(
        'local_paths' => '',
        'protocol_style' => 'full',
      ),
      // Set weight to 50 so that it will hopefully appear at the bottom of
      // filter lists by default. 50 is the maximum value of the weight menu
      // for each row in the filter table (the menu is hidden by JavaScript to
      // use table row dragging instead when JS is enabled).
      'weight' => 50,
    )
  );
}

/**
 * Settings callback for Pathologic.
 */
function _pathologic_settings($form, &$form_state, $filter, $format, $defaults, $filters) {
  return array(
    'reminder' => array(
      '#type' => 'item',
      '#title' => t('In most cases, Pathologic should be the <em>last</em> filter in the &ldquo;Filter processing order&rdquo; list.'),
      '#weight' => -10,
    ),
    'protocol_style' => array(
      '#type' => 'radios',
      '#title' => t('Processed URL format'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['protocol_style']) ? $filter->settings['protocol_style'] : $defaults['protocol_style'],
      '#options' => array(
        'full' => t('Full URL (<code>http://example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'proto-rel' => t('Protocol relative URL (<code>//example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'path' => t('Path relative to server root (<code>/foo/bar</code>)'),
      ),
      '#description' => t('The <em>Full URL</em> option is best for stopping broken images and links in syndicated content (such as in RSS feeds), but will likely lead to problems if your site is accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS. Paths output with the <em>Protocol relative URL</em> option will avoid such problems, but feed readers and other software not using up-to-date standards may be confused by the paths. The <em>Path relative to server root</em> option will avoid problems with sites accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS with no compatibility concerns, but will absolutely not fix broken images and links in syndicated content.'),
      '#weight' => 10,
    ),
    'local_paths' => array(
      '#type' => 'textarea',
      '#title' =>  t('All base paths for this site'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['local_paths']) ? $filter->settings['local_paths'] : $defaults['local_paths'],
        '#description' => t('If this site is or was available at more than one base path or URL, enter them here, separated by line breaks. For example, if this site is live at <code>http://example.com/</code> but has a staging version at <code>http://dev.example.org/staging/</code>, you would enter both those URLs here. If confused, please read <a href="!docs">Pathologic&rsquo;s documentation</a> for more information about this option and what it affects.', array('!docs' => 'http://drupal.org/node/257026')),
      '#weight' => 20,
    ),
  );
}

/**
 * Pathologic filter callback.
 *
 * Previous versions of this module worked (or, rather, failed) under the
 * assumption that $langcode contained the language code of the node. Sadly,
 * this isn't the case.
 * @see http://drupal.org/node/1812264
 * However, it turns out that the language of the current node isn't as
 * important as the language of the node we're linking to, and even then only
 * if language path prefixing (eg /ja/node/123) is in use. REMEMBER THIS IN THE
 * FUTURE, ALBRIGHT.
 *
 * The below code uses the @ operator before parse_url() calls because in PHP
 * 5.3.2 and earlier, parse_url() causes a warning of parsing fails. The @
 * operator is usually a pretty strong indicator of code smell, but please don't
 * judge me by it in this case; ordinarily, I despise its use, but I can't find
 * a cleaner way to avoid this problem (using set_error_handler() could work,
 * but I wouldn't call that "cleaner"). Fortunately, Drupal 8 will require at
 * least PHP 5.3.5, so this mess doesn't have to spread into the D8 branch of
 * Pathologic.
 * @see https://drupal.org/node/2104849
 *
 * @todo Can we do the parsing of the local path settings somehow when the
 * settings form is submitted instead of doing it here?
 */
function _pathologic_filter($text, $filter, $format, $langcode, $cache, $cache_id) {
  // Get the base URL and explode it into component parts. We add these parts
  // to the exploded local paths settings later.
  global $base_url;
  $base_url_parts = @parse_url($base_url . '/');
  // Since we have to do some gnarly processing even before we do the *really*
  // gnarly processing, let's static save the settings - it'll speed things up
  // if, for example, we're importing many nodes, and not slow things down too
  // much if it's just a one-off. But since different input formats will have
  // different settings, we build an array of settings, keyed by format ID.
  $cached_settings = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, array());
  if (!isset($cached_settings[$filter->format])) {
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'] = array();
    if ($filter->settings['local_paths'] !== '') {
      // Build an array of the exploded local paths for this format's settings.
      // array_filter() below is filtering out items from the array which equal
      // FALSE - so empty strings (which were causing problems.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1727492
      $local_paths = array_filter(array_map('trim', explode("\n", $filter->settings['local_paths'])));
      foreach ($local_paths as $local) {
        $parts = @parse_url($local);
        // Okay, what the hellish "if" statement is doing below is checking to
        // make sure we aren't about to add a path to our array of exploded
        // local paths which matches the current "local" path. We consider it
        // not a match, if…
        // @todo: This is pretty horrible. Can this be simplified?
        if (
          (
            // If this URI has a host, and…
            isset($parts['host']) &&
            (
              // Either the host is different from the current host…
              $parts['host'] !== $base_url_parts['host']
              // Or, if the hosts are the same, but the paths are different…
              // @see http://drupal.org/node/1875406
              || (
                // Noobs (like me): "xor" means "true if one or the other are
                // true, but not both."
                (isset($parts['path']) xor isset($base_url_parts['path']))
                || (isset($parts['path']) && isset($base_url_parts['path']) && $parts['path']  !== $base_url_parts['path'])
              )
            )
          ) ||
          // Or…
          (
            // The URI doesn't have a host…
            !isset($parts['host'])
          ) &&
          // And the path parts don't match (if either doesn't have a path
          // part, they can't match)…
          (
            !isset($parts['path']) ||
            !isset($base_url_parts['path']) ||
            $parts['path'] !== $base_url_parts['path']
          )
        ) {
          // Add it to the list.
          $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = $parts;
        }
      }
    }
    // Now add local paths based on "this" server URL.
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path']);
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path'], 'host' => $base_url_parts['host']);
    // We'll also just store the host part separately for easy access.
    $filter->settings['base_url_host'] = $base_url_parts['host'];

    $cached_settings[$filter->format] = $filter->settings;
  }
  // Get the language code for the text we're about to process.
  $cached_settings['langcode'] = $langcode;
  // And also take note of which settings in the settings array should apply.
  $cached_settings['current_settings'] = &$cached_settings[$filter->format];

  // Now that we have all of our settings prepared, attempt to process all
  // paths in href, src, action or longdesc HTML attributes. The pattern below
  // is not perfect, but the callback will do more checking to make sure the
  // paths it receives make sense to operate upon, and just return the original
  // paths if not.
  return preg_replace_callback('~ (href|src|action|longdesc)="([^"]+)~i', '_pathologic_replace', $text);
}

/**
 * Process and replace paths. preg_replace_callback() callback.
 */
function _pathologic_replace($matches) {
  // Get the base path.
  global $base_path;

  // Get the settings for the filter. Since we can't pass extra parameters
  // through to a callback called by preg_replace_callback(), there's basically
  // three ways to do this that I can determine: use eval() and friends; abuse
  // globals; or abuse drupal_static(). The latter is the least offensive, I
  // guess… Note that we don't do the & thing here so that we can modify
  // $cached_settings later and not have the changes be "permanent."
  $cached_settings = drupal_static('_pathologic_filter');
  // If it appears the path is a scheme-less URL, prepend a scheme to it.
  // parse_url() cannot properly parse scheme-less URLs. Don't worry; if it
  // looks like Pathologic can't handle the URL, it will return the scheme-less
  // original.
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/1617944
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/2030789
  if (strpos($matches[2], '//') === 0) {
    if (isset($_SERVER['https']) && strtolower($_SERVER['https']) === 'on') {
      $matches[2] = 'https:' . $matches[2];
    }
    else {
      $matches[2] = 'http:' . $matches[2];
    }
  }
  // Now parse the URL after reverting HTML character encoding.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $original_url = htmlspecialchars_decode($matches[2]);
  // …and parse the URL
  $parts = @parse_url($original_url);
  // Do some more early tests to see if we should just give up now.
  if (
    // If parse_url() failed, give up.
    $parts === FALSE
    || (
      // If there's a scheme part and it doesn't look useful, bail out.
      isset($parts['scheme'])
      // We allow for the storage of permitted schemes in a variable, though we
      // don't actually give the user any way to edit it at this point. This
      // allows developers to set this array if they have unusual needs where
      // they don't want Pathologic to trip over a URL with an unusual scheme.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1834308
      // "files" and "internal" are for Path Filter compatibility.
      && !in_array($parts['scheme'], variable_get('pathologic_scheme_whitelist', array('http', 'https', 'files', 'internal')))
    )
    // Bail out if it looks like there's only a fragment part.
    || (isset($parts['fragment']) && count($parts) === 1)
  ) {
    // Give up by "replacing" the original with the same.
    return $matches[0];
  }

  if (isset($parts['path'])) {
    // Undo possible URL encoding in the path.
    // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
    $parts['path'] = rawurldecode($parts['path']);
  }
  else {
    $parts['path'] = '';
  }

  // Check to see if we're dealing with a file.
  // @todo Should we still try to do path correction on these files too?
  if (isset($parts['scheme']) && $parts['scheme'] === 'files') {
    // Path Filter "files:" support. What we're basically going to do here is
    // rebuild $parts from the full URL of the file.
    $new_parts = @parse_url(file_create_url(file_default_scheme() . '://' . $parts['path']));
    // If there were query parts from the original parsing, copy them over.
    if (!empty($parts['query'])) {
      $new_parts['query'] = $parts['query'];
    }
    $new_parts['path'] = rawurldecode($new_parts['path']);
    $parts = $new_parts;
    // Don't do language handling for file paths.
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = TRUE;
  }
  else {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = FALSE;
  }

  // Let's also bail out of this doesn't look like a local path.
  $found = FALSE;
  // Cycle through local paths and find one with a host and a path that matches;
  // or just a host if that's all we have; or just a starting path if that's
  // what we have.
  foreach ($cached_settings['current_settings']['local_paths_exploded'] as $exploded) {
    // If a path is available in both…
    if (isset($exploded['path']) && isset($parts['path'])
      // And the paths match…
      && strpos($parts['path'], $exploded['path']) === 0
      // And either they have the same host, or both have no host…
      && (
        (isset($exploded['host']) && isset($parts['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])
        || (!isset($exploded['host']) && !isset($parts['host']))
      )
    ) {
      // Remove the shared path from the path. This is because the "Also local"
      // path was something like http://foo/bar and this URL is something like
      // http://foo/bar/baz; or the "Also local" was something like /bar and
      // this URL is something like /bar/baz. And we only care about the /baz
      // part.
      $parts['path'] = drupal_substr($parts['path'], drupal_strlen($exploded['path']));
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of the foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Okay, we didn't match on path alone, or host and path together. Can we
    // match on just host? Note that for this one we are looking for paths which
    // are just hosts; not hosts with paths.
    elseif ((isset($parts['host']) && !isset($exploded['path']) && isset($exploded['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])) {
      // No further editing; just continue
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Is this is a root-relative url (no host) that didn't match above?
    // Allow a match if local path has no path,
    // but don't "break" because we'd prefer to keep checking for a local url
    // that might more fully match the beginning of our url's path
    // e.g.: if our url is /foo/bar we'll mark this as a match for
    // http://example.com but want to keep searching and would prefer a match
    // to http://example.com/foo if that's configured as a local path
    elseif (!isset($parts['host']) && (!isset($exploded['path']) || $exploded['path'] === $base_path)) {
      $found = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // If the path is not within the drupal root return original url, unchanged
  if (!$found) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // Okay, format the URL.
  // If there's still a slash lingering at the start of the path, chop it off.
  $parts['path'] = ltrim($parts['path'],'/');

  // Examine the query part of the URL. Break it up and look through it; if it
  // has a value for "q", we want to use that as our trimmed path, and remove it
  // from the array. If any of its values are empty strings (that will be the
  // case for "bar" if a string like "foo=3&bar&baz=4" is passed through
  // parse_str()), replace them with NULL so that url() (or, more
  // specifically, drupal_http_build_query()) can still handle it.
  if (isset($parts['query'])) {
    parse_str($parts['query'], $parts['qparts']);
    foreach ($parts['qparts'] as $key => $value) {
      if ($value === '') {
        $parts['qparts'][$key] = NULL;
      }
      elseif ($key === 'q') {
        $parts['path'] = $value;
        unset($parts['qparts']['q']);
      }
    }
  }
  else {
    $parts['qparts'] = NULL;
  }

  // If we don't have a path yet, bail out.
  if (!isset($parts['path'])) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If we didn't previously identify this as a file, check to see if the file
  // exists now that we have the correct path relative to DRUPAL_ROOT
  if (!$cached_settings['is_file']) {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = !empty($parts['path']) && is_file(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/'. $parts['path']);
  }

  // Okay, deal with language stuff.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file']) {
    // If we're linking to a file, use a fake LANGUAGE_NONE language object.
    // Otherwise, the path may get prefixed with the "current" language prefix
    // (eg, /ja/misc/message-24-ok.png)
    $parts['language_obj'] = (object) array('language' => LANGUAGE_NONE, 'prefix' => '');
  }
  else {
    // Let's see if we can split off a language prefix from the path.
    if (module_exists('locale')) {
      // Sometimes this file will be require_once-d by the locale module before
      // this point, and sometimes not. We require_once it ourselves to be sure.
      require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/language.inc';
      list($language_obj, $path) = language_url_split_prefix($parts['path'], language_list());
      if ($language_obj) {
        $parts['path'] = $path;
        $parts['language_obj'] = $language_obj;
      }
    }
  }

  // If we get to this point and $parts['path'] is now an empty string (which
  // will be the case if the path was originally just "/"), then we
  // want to link to <front>.
  if ($parts['path'] === '') {
    $parts['path'] = '<front>';
  }
  // Build the parameters we will send to url()
  $url_params = array(
    'path' => $parts['path'],
    'options' => array(
      'query' => $parts['qparts'],
      'fragment' => isset($parts['fragment']) ? $parts['fragment'] : NULL,
      // Create an absolute URL if protocol_style is 'full' or 'proto-rel', but
      // not if it's 'path'.
      'absolute' => $cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] !== 'path',
      // If we seem to have found a language for the path, pass it along to
      // url(). Otherwise, ignore the 'language' parameter.
      'language' => isset($parts['language_obj']) ? $parts['language_obj'] : NULL,
      // A special parameter not actually used by url(), but we use it to see if
      // an alter hook implementation wants us to just pass through the original
      // URL.
      'use_original' => FALSE,
    ),
  );

  // Add the original URL to the parts array
  $parts['original'] = $original_url;

  // Now alter!
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1762022
  drupal_alter('pathologic', $url_params, $parts, $cached_settings);

  // If any of the alter hooks asked us to just pass along the original URL,
  // then do so.
  if ($url_params['options']['use_original']) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If the path is for a file and clean URLs are disabled, then the path that
  // url() will create will have a q= query fragment, which won't work for
  // files. To avoid that, we use this trick to temporarily turn clean URLs on.
  // This is horrible, but it seems to be the sanest way to do this.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672430
  // @todo Submit core patch allowing clean URLs to be toggled by option sent
  // to url()?
  if (!empty($cached_settings['is_file'])) {
    $cached_settings['orig_clean_url'] = !empty($GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url']);
    if (!$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
      $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // Now for the url() call. Drumroll, please…
  $url = url($url_params['path'], $url_params['options']);

  // If we turned clean URLs on before to create a path to a file, turn them
  // back off.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file'] && !$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
    $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = FALSE;
  }

  // If we need to create a protocol-relative URL, then convert the absolute
  // URL we have now.
  if ($cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] === 'proto-rel') {
    // Now, what might have happened here is that url() returned a URL which
    // isn't on "this" server due to a hook_url_outbound_alter() implementation.
    // We don't want to convert the URL in that case. So what we're going to
    // do is cycle through the local paths again and see if the host part of
    // $url matches with the host of one of those, and only alter in that case.
    $url_parts = @parse_url($url);
    if (!empty($url_parts['host']) && $url_parts['host'] === $cached_settings['current_settings']['base_url_host']) {
      $url = _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url);
    }
  }

  // Apply HTML character encoding, as is required for HTML attributes.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $url = check_plain($url);
  // $matches[1] will be the tag attribute; src, href, etc.
  return " {$matches[1]}=\"{$url}";
}

/**
 * Convert a full URL with a protocol to a protocol-relative URL.
 *
 * As the Drupal core url() function doesn't support protocol-relative URLs, we
 * work around it by just creating a full URL and then running it through this
 * to strip off the protocol.
 *
 * Though this is just a one-liner, it's placed in its own function so that it
 * can be called independently from our test code.
 */
function _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url) {
  return preg_replace('~^https?://~', '//', $url);
}
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                                      <h1 id="page-title">#for_researcher</h1>
                  
                  
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  <section class="nodes"><article id="node-186" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/physical-frailty-assessment-older-women-can-simplification-be-achieved-without-loss-syndrome" rel="bookmark">Physical Frailty Assessment in Older Women: Can Simplification Be Achieved Without Loss of Syndrome Measurement Validity?</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md1"><div class="field-item even"><h3>Q.L. Xue, J. Tian, L.P. Fried, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183(11):1037-44</span></em></p>
<p>Different phenotypes have increasingly been used as tools for clinical characterization of frailty among older adults. Although there have been studies about the comparability and effectiveness of various simplifications and approximations of existing frailty phenotypes for risk prediction, there have been no studies in which investigators evaluated the stability of the clinical characterization achieved. Findings obtained shown that it was no merely the number of criteria used to characterize the PFPs but rather the specific criteria combinations that predicted the risk of adverse outcomes. There are clinically important contexts in which simplified PFPs cannot be used interchangeably.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/physical-frailty-assessment-older-women-can-simplification-be-achieved-without-loss-syndrome" rel="tag" title="Physical Frailty Assessment in Older Women: Can Simplification Be Achieved Without Loss of Syndrome Measurement Validity?">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Physical Frailty Assessment in Older Women: Can Simplification Be Achieved Without Loss of Syndrome Measurement Validity?</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-184" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/motor-performance-and-physical-activity-predictors-prospective-falls-community-dwelling-older-adults" rel="bookmark">Motor Performance and Physical Activity as Predictors of Prospective Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults by Frailty Level: Application of Wearable Technology</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md2"><div class="field-item even"><h3>M.J. Mohler, C.S. Wendel , R.E. Taylor-Piliae, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Gerontology. 2016;62(6):654-664 </span></em></p>
<p>This study aimed to evaluate wearable sensor-based measures of gait, balance, and physical activity that are predictive of future falls in community-dwelling older adults. Results obtained suggests that independent predictors of falls are dependent on frailty status. Among sensor-derived parameters, balance deficit, longer typical walking episodes, and shorter typical standing episodes were the most sensitive predictors of prospective falls in the combined pre-frail and frail sample. Gait deficit was not a sensitive fall predictor in the context of frailty status.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/motor-performance-and-physical-activity-predictors-prospective-falls-community-dwelling-older-adults" rel="tag" title="Motor Performance and Physical Activity as Predictors of Prospective Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults by Frailty Level: Application of Wearable Technology">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Motor Performance and Physical Activity as Predictors of Prospective Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults by Frailty Level: Application of Wearable Technology</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-183" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/association-frailty-serine-protease-htra1-older-adults" rel="bookmark">Association of frailty with the serine protease HtrA1 in older adults</a>
        </h1>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md3"><div class="field-item even"><h3>M. Lorenzi, T. Lorenzi, E. Marzetti, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Exp Gerontol. 2016;81:8-12</span></em></p>
<p>High-temperature requirement serine protease A1 (HtrA1) is a secreted multidomain serine protease implicated in the inhibition of signaling of active transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)1, a cytokine which has an important anti-inflammation role.</p>
<p>These findings demonstrate for the first time the association of plasma levels of HtrA1 with frailty status.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/association-frailty-serine-protease-htra1-older-adults" rel="tag" title="Association of frailty with the serine protease HtrA1 in older adults">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Association of frailty with the serine protease HtrA1 in older adults</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-182" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/associations-computed-tomography-based-trunk-muscle-size-and-density-balance-and-falls-older-adults" rel="bookmark">Associations of Computed Tomography-Based Trunk Muscle Size and Density With Balance and Falls in Older Adults</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md4"><div class="field-item even"><h3>D.E. Anderson, E. Quinn, E. Parker, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(6):811-6</span></em></p>
<p>Aging is associated with significant declines in muscle size and density, but associations of trunk muscle size and density with balance and falls in older adults have not been previously examined. Results suggest that higher muscle density was associated with reduced postural sway, particularly sway velocities, in both men and women, and better Short Physical Performance Battery score in women, but was not associated with falls.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/associations-computed-tomography-based-trunk-muscle-size-and-density-balance-and-falls-older-adults" rel="tag" title="Associations of Computed Tomography-Based Trunk Muscle Size and Density With Balance and Falls in Older Adults">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Associations of Computed Tomography-Based Trunk Muscle Size and Density With Balance and Falls in Older Adults</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-180" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/consumption-fruit-and-vegetables-and-risk-frailty-dose-response-analysis-3-prospective-cohorts" rel="bookmark">Consumption of fruit and vegetables and risk of frailty: a dose-response analysis of 3 prospective cohorts of community-dwelling older adults</a>
        </h1>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md5"><div class="field-item even"><h3>E. García-Esquinas, B. Rahi, K. Peres, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(1):132-42</span></em></p>
<div>
<p>We sought to examine the dose-response association between fruit and vegetables consumption and the risk of frailty in older adults.</p>
</div>
<p>Among community-dwelling older adults, fruit and vegetables consumption was associated with a lower short-term risk of frailty in a dose-response manner, and the strongest association was obtained with 3 portions of fruit/d and 2 portions of vegetables/d</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/consumption-fruit-and-vegetables-and-risk-frailty-dose-response-analysis-3-prospective-cohorts" rel="tag" title="Consumption of fruit and vegetables and risk of frailty: a dose-response analysis of 3 prospective cohorts of community-dwelling older adults">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Consumption of fruit and vegetables and risk of frailty: a dose-response analysis of 3 prospective cohorts of community-dwelling older adults</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-178" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/phenotype-sarcopenic-obesity-older-individuals-history-falling" rel="bookmark">Phenotype of sarcopenic obesity in older individuals with a history of falling</a>
        </h1>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md6"><div class="field-item even"><h3>Y.R. Huo, P. Suriyaarachchi, F. Gomez, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;65:255-9</span></em></p>
<p>The goal of this study was to obtain a comprehensive phenotype of sarcopenic obesity in this high-risk population. Authors have found that sarcopenic obese subjects were older (81.1±7.3), mostly female and more likely to have lower bone mineral density, lower grip strength, slower gait velocity, and poor balance. Sarcopenic obese individuals also showed significantly higher parathyroid hormone and lower vitamin D.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/phenotype-sarcopenic-obesity-older-individuals-history-falling" rel="tag" title="Phenotype of sarcopenic obesity in older individuals with a history of falling">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Phenotype of sarcopenic obesity in older individuals with a history of falling</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-174" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/myostatin-antibody-ly2495655-older-weak-fallers-proof-concept-randomised-phase-2-trial" rel="bookmark">Myostatin antibody (LY2495655) in older weak fallers: a proof-of-concept, randomised, phase 2 trial</a>
        </h1>
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  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md7"><div class="field-item even"><h3>C. Becker, S.R. Lord, S.A. Studenski, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:948-957</span></em></p>
<p>Myostatin inhibits skeletal muscle growth. The humanised monoclonal antibody LY2495655 (LY) binds and neutralises myostatin. This study aimed to test whether LY increases appendicular lean body mass (aLBM) and improves physical performance in older individuals who have had recent falls and low muscle strength and power. At 24 weeks, the least-squares mean change in aLBM was -0.123 kg in the placebo group and 0.303 kg in the LY group (P &lt; 0.0001). This results show LY treatment increases lean mass and might improve functional measures of muscle power.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/myostatin-antibody-ly2495655-older-weak-fallers-proof-concept-randomised-phase-2-trial" rel="tag" title="Myostatin antibody (LY2495655) in older weak fallers: a proof-of-concept, randomised, phase 2 trial">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Myostatin antibody (LY2495655) in older weak fallers: a proof-of-concept, randomised, phase 2 trial</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-170" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/comparison-handgrip-and-leg-extension-strength-predicting-slow-gait-speed-older-adults" rel="bookmark">Comparison of Handgrip and Leg Extension Strength in Predicting Slow Gait Speed in Older Adults</a>
        </h1>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md8"><div class="field-item even"><h3>M.S. Fragala, D.E. Alley, M.D. Shardell, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64(1):144-50</span></em></p>
<p>This study aimed at comparing the relative predictive power of handgrip and leg extension strength in predicting slow walking.</p>
<p>Results suggest that handgrip strength may be an adequate measure to predict physical function whereas leg extension strength is only a slightly better predictor of slow gait speed.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/comparison-handgrip-and-leg-extension-strength-predicting-slow-gait-speed-older-adults" rel="tag" title="Comparison of Handgrip and Leg Extension Strength in Predicting Slow Gait Speed in Older Adults">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Comparison of Handgrip and Leg Extension Strength in Predicting Slow Gait Speed in Older Adults</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-168" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/macronutrients-intake-and-incident-frailty-older-adults-prospective-cohort-study" rel="bookmark">Macronutrients Intake and Incident Frailty in Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study</a>
        </h1>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md9"><div class="field-item even"><h3>H. Sandoval-Insausti, R.F. Pérez-Tasigchana, E. López-García, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016;71(10):1329-34</span></em></p>
<p>This study examined the association of protein and other macronutrient intake with the risk of frailty in older adults. Authors concluded that the intake of total protein, animal protein, and MUFAs was inversely associated with incident frailty. Promoting the intake of these nutrients might reduce frailty.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/macronutrients-intake-and-incident-frailty-older-adults-prospective-cohort-study" rel="tag" title="Macronutrients Intake and Incident Frailty in Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Macronutrients Intake and Incident Frailty in Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-165" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/frailty-associated-epigenetic-clock-not-telomere-length-german-cohort" rel="bookmark">Frailty is associated with the epigenetic clock but not with telomere length in a German cohort</a>
        </h1>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md10"><div class="field-item even"><h3>L.P. Breitling, K.U. Saum, L. Perna, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Clinical Epigenetics. 2016;8:21</span></em></p>
<p>The epigenetic clock, in particular epigenetic pre-aging quantified by the so-called DNA methylation age acceleration, has recently suggested to closely correlate with a variety of disease phenotypes. There remains a dearth of data, however, on its association with telomere length and frailty, which can be considered major correlates of age on the genomic and clinical level, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that epigenetic age acceleration is correlated with clinically relevant aging-related phenotypes through pathways unrelated to cellular senescence as assessed by telomere length.</p>
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